Error Output Overview for KSOPS#

Introduction#

Error output handling in KSOPS is a core part of the user experience, ensuring users and operators have clear insights into failures and how to address them. KSOPS produces error messages in both the main Go executable (ksops.go) and in its installer shell scripts, following the conventions typical for command-line tools: errors are clearly outputted to standard error, are specific and informative, and generally result in a non-zero exit code, which allows for easy scripting and automation integration.

Error Output Handling in ksops.go#

KSOPS' primary error handling mechanisms are located in ksops.go. The program is designed to exit immediately on unrecoverable errors, providing specific error messages about what went wrong. The key aspects of error output in the Go code are:

• Direct Stderr Output: Error messages are written to standard error (os.Stderr) using fmt.Fprintf. This helps users distinguish normal output from error diagnostics.
• Immediate Exit on Error: Following an error, KSOPS calls os.Exit(1) to terminate with a non-zero status, which is a standard Linux/Unix convention indicating failure.
• Descriptive Error Messages: When catching errors, messages specify both the action being attempted and the reason for failure. For example, trying to read a missing manifest file produces unable to read in manifest: [FILENAME]. Failed decryption outputs will state the file and context.
• Error Wrapping: Many errors are wrapped using fmt.Errorf and the %w verb, preserving the original error context for debugging while adding higher-level context.

Examples of Error Output#

• Argument Errors:
  • If the user supplies an unexpected number of command-line arguments, KSOPS outputs usage help and exits: unable to generate manifests: [ERROR MESSAGE]
• File/IO Errors:
  • Reading a file: unable to read in manifest: [filename]
  • Reading an encrypted file: error reading "[filename]": ...
• Decryption/YAML Parsing Errors:
  • Decrypting files: error decrypting file "[file] from manifest.Files: ... or error decrypting file "[file] from secretFrom.Files: ...
  • Decrypting binary files: error decrypting file "[file] from secretFrom.BinaryFiles: ...
  • YAML unmarshalling: error unmarshalling manifest content: ... [YAML dump]
• Plugin Misconfiguration:
  • Missing required keys: missing the required 'files' or 'secretFrom' key in the ksops manifests: [YAML dump]
• Environment Variable Errors:
  • Invalid concurrency limit: error parsing KSOPS_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT value "[value]": ... (occurs when KSOPS_CONCURRENCY_LIMIT is set to a non-integer value or less than 1; this variable controls the concurrency limit for parallel secret decryption and defaults to 20 if not set)
• Other Runtime Errors:
  • .env file errors: error unmarshalling .env file "[file]": ...

All these errors provide actionable details, including input file names and context, making it easier for users to identify and correct issues quickly.

Error Output in Installer Shell Scripts#

KSOPS includes several installation scripts, such as install-ksops-archive.sh and install-legacy-ksops-archive.sh, which handle error output using conventions familiar to shell users:

• Output With Echo: Errors are printed clearly to the terminal with echo, e.g., Unknown OS type: [uname] or Failed to move ksops to [directory]. Maybe you should run this script as root.
• Exit Codes: After outputting an error message, scripts exit with exit 1, ensuring automated processes or users can detect and react to failures.
• Pre-requisite and Environment Checks: The scripts check for the presence of required directories, environment variables, and dependencies like curl or wget, providing explicit error messages when requirements aren't met.

Importance of Clear and Readable Error Messages#

Providing clear and detailed error output is critical for several reasons:

• Troubleshooting: When something fails, actionable error messages allow both end users and support personnel to quickly diagnose and resolve issues, limiting operational downtime.
• Automation: As a tool often run in CI/CD pipelines or in scripts, clear errors and non-zero exit codes ensure KSOPS is automation-friendly: other system components can reliably detect failures and handle retries or alerting.
• User Experience: Concise, context-rich error output improves the learning curve for new users, reducing support overhead and frustration.
• Debugging: Wrapping internal errors with context, and including file names or operation steps in the output, helps when reporting issues upstream or for forensics when issues occur in production.

Conclusion#

KSOPS' error output approach is robust, user-friendly, and in alignment with best practices for CLI tools. All fatal errors are clearly communicated, contextualized, and surfaced promptly, contributing to a positive user and developer experience.

Sources:

• ksops.go
• install-ksops-archive.sh
• install-legacy-ksops-archive.sh