CipherSwarm Developer Guide#

Welcome to the CipherSwarm development team! This guide will help you understand the codebase architecture, development workflows, and best practices.

Table of Contents#

1. Quick Start
2. Architecture Overview
3. Domain Model
4. Code Organization
5. Development Patterns
6. Testing Strategy
7. API Development
8. Environment Variables
9. Security Best Practices
10. Background Jobs
11. Real-Time Features
12. Database Conventions
13. Common Tasks
14. Common Gotchas

Quick Start#

Prerequisites#

Install mise for tool version management:

# macOS
brew install mise

# Linux
curl https://mise.run | sh

# Install project tools
cd /path/to/CipherSwarm
mise install

First-Time Setup#

# Clone repository
git clone https://github.com/unclesp1d3r/CipherSwarm.git
cd CipherSwarm

# Install dependencies
just setup

# Start development server
just dev

The application will be available at http://localhost:3000.

Note: File upload system tests automatically start tusd via testcontainers — no manual setup required.

Development Services#

Testcontainers-based tusd for System Tests#

System tests requiring file uploads use testcontainers to automatically start a tusd Docker container. This eliminates the need for manual Docker container management during development and testing.

• TusdHelper.ensure_tusd_running starts the container on a random port
• Tests that use tus uploads should include before(:all) { TusdHelper.ensure_tusd_running } in their setup
• The container is shared across the test suite and automatically cleaned up on process exit
• No manual configuration needed — testcontainers handles container lifecycle management

Essential Commands#

# Development
just dev # Start all services (web, css, js, sidekiq)
just console # Rails console

# Testing
just test # Run all tests with coverage
just test-file spec/models/task_spec.rb # Run specific test file
just test-system # Run system tests (browser)
just test-api # Run API request tests

# Code Quality
just check # Run all linters and security checks
just format # Auto-format code
just lint # RuboCop only
just security # Brakeman security scan

# Database
just db-migrate # Run migrations
just db-rollback # Rollback last migration
just db-reset # Reset database (drop, create, migrate, seed)

Architecture Overview#

Technology Stack#

High-Level Architecture#

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Web Browsers │
│ (Turbo, Stimulus, Action Cable) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              │
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Rails Application │
├─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────────────┤
│ Web UI │ Agent API │ Background Jobs │
│ Controllers │ (JSON) │ (Sidekiq) │
├─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────────────┤
│ Models & Services │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ PostgreSQL │ Redis │ Active Storage (S3) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Domain Model#

Core Hierarchy#

CipherSwarm organizes work in a hierarchical structure:

Project (tenant boundary)
└── Campaign (work unit targeting a hash list)
    ├── HashList (target hashes)
    └── Attack (execution strategy)
        └── Task (work unit for agent)
            └── Agent (worker machine)

Key Concepts#

Project: Multi-tenant boundary. Users have roles within projects. Resources (campaigns, hash lists, agents) are scoped to projects.

Campaign: A cracking operation targeting a specific hash list. Contains multiple attacks with different strategies. Has priority levels that affect task scheduling.

Attack: Specific hashcat configuration (attack mode, wordlist, rules, mask). Gets subdivided into tasks for parallel execution.

Task: Smallest unit of work. Assigned to one agent. Tracks progress via HashcatStatus records.

Agent: Distributed worker running hashcat. Authenticates via bearer token. Reports benchmarks, progress, and results.

State Machines#

Three models use state machines (via state_machines-activerecord):

Agent States: pending, active, stopped, error, offline (note: benchmarked is an event that transitions pending → active, not a state)

Attack States: pending → running → completed/exhausted/failed/paused

Task States: pending → running → completed/exhausted/failed/paused

See docs/architecture/diagrams.md for visual state machine diagrams.

Agent Shutdown Cascade Behavior#

When an agent shuts down, it triggers a cascade of state changes:

• Running tasks are automatically paused via pause_incomplete_attacks
• Task claim fields (claimed_by_agent_id, claimed_at, expires_at) are cleared
• Tasks are marked with paused_at timestamp for grace period tracking
• Attacks with no remaining active (non-paused) tasks are automatically paused
• The paused_at timestamp enables time-based orphaned task recovery

Task Pause/Resume with Grace Period#

Tasks track pause state for efficient recovery:

• paused_at datetime column records when task was paused
• Orphaned task recovery uses time-based grace periods instead of agent state checks
• Agents prioritize reclaiming their own paused tasks (to leverage restore files)
• After grace period expires, any agent can claim orphaned tasks from other agents
• Resume callbacks use update_columns to bypass optimistic locking and avoid StaleObjectError

Example:

after_transition on: :resume do
  update_columns(stale: true, paused_at: nil) # Bypass locking, clear pause timestamp
end

Code Organization#

Directory Structure#

app/
├── channels/ # Action Cable channels
├── components/ # ViewComponent components
├── controllers/
│ ├── api/v1/ # Agent API controllers
│ │ │ └── client/ # Client-specific endpoints
│ └── concerns/ # Controller concerns (TaskErrorHandling)
├── dashboards/ # Administrate dashboards
├── errors/ # Custom operational errors (InsufficientTempStorageError, etc.)
├── helpers/ # View helpers
├── inputs/ # SimpleForm inputs
├── jobs/ # Sidekiq background jobs
│ └── concerns/ # Job concerns (TempStorageValidation, AttackPreemptionLoop)
├── mailers/ # Email templates
├── models/
│ └── concerns/ # Model concerns
│ └── agent/ # Agent-specific concerns (Broadcasting, Benchmarking)
├── services/ # Service objects
├── validators/ # Custom validators
└── views/
    ├── components/ # ViewComponent templates
    └── layouts/ # Layout templates

config/
├── routes/ # Route partials (admin, client_api, devise, errors)
└── locales/ # I18n translations

spec/
├── factories/ # FactoryBot factories
├── models/ # Model specs
├── requests/ # API request specs (RSwag)
├── support/
│ └── page_objects/ # System test page objects
└── system/ # System/integration tests

File Naming Conventions#

Development Patterns#

Frontend Development#

Views: Use plain ERB templates with Bootstrap 5 utility classes. No component abstraction layer.

Theming: Catppuccin Macchiato theme implemented via SCSS variable overrides:

• _catppuccin.scss defines the full palette and overrides Bootstrap variables (imported BEFORE @import "bootstrap")
• Primary accent: $ctp-violet: #a855f7 (DarkViolet lightened for dark-mode contrast)
• Surface hierarchy: Crust (navbar) → Mantle (sidebar) → Base (body) → Surface0 (cards, inputs)
• Component-level dark theme overrides in application.bootstrap.scss via [data-bs-theme="dark"] selector
• Available color variables: $ctp-violet, $ctp-surface0, $ctp-text, $ctp-overlay0, etc.

Typography: Self-hosted fonts via @fontsource packages (air-gap safe):

• Space Grotesk (variable, 300–700) — headings
• IBM Plex Sans (400, 500, 600, 700) — body text
• JetBrains Mono (variable, 100–800) — monospace for hashes/masks
• Font files copied to app/assets/builds/ by build:css:fonts script

ViewComponent: Use for reusable logic, but render Bootstrap markup directly (no abstraction layer):

# Good - ViewComponent with plain Bootstrap HTML
class AgentStatusComponent < ViewComponent::Base
  def initialize(agent:)
    @agent = agent
  end

  def badge_class
    case @agent.state
    when "active" then "badge bg-success"
    when "error" then "badge bg-danger"
    else "badge bg-secondary"
    end
  end
end

# View template uses Bootstrap HTML
<span class="<%= badge_class %>">
  <%= @agent.state.titleize %>
</span>

CSS Patterns:

• Empty states: use .empty-state-icon class (not inline style="font-size: 64px;")
• Skeleton loaders: use .skeleton-progress, .skeleton-avatar classes
• Reference Catppuccin color hierarchy in custom styles

Accessibility: All new UI must meet WCAG 2.1 AA standards:

• Skip link targeting #main-content (already present in layout)
• Interactive elements use semantic HTML (<button>, not <a href="#">)
• All navigation landmarks have aria-label attributes
• Keyboard navigation support (arrow keys for tabs, focus management)
• Semantic color classes (text-body-secondary, not text-muted)

Service Objects#

Extract complex business logic into service objects when:

• Logic spans multiple models
• Method exceeds 20 lines
• Algorithm is complex (O(n²) or worse)

Example Structure:

# app/services/task_assignment_service.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true

# REASONING:
# Why: Task assignment involves complex queries across multiple models
# Alternatives: Could use model callbacks, but they're harder to test
# Performance: Queries are optimized with eager loading
class TaskAssignmentService
  def initialize(agent)
    @agent = agent
  end

  def find_available_task
    return nil unless @agent.can_accept_tasks?

    available_attacks.each do |attack|
      task = create_task_for_attack(attack)
      return task if task
    end

    nil
  end

  private

  def available_attacks
    Attack.incomplete
          .joins(campaign: { hash_list: :hash_type })
          .where(campaigns: { project_id: @agent.project_ids })
          .where(hash_lists: { hash_type_id: allowed_hash_type_ids })
          .order("campaigns.priority DESC, attacks.complexity_value")
  end

  def allowed_hash_type_ids
    @agent.hashcat_benchmarks.pluck(:hash_type_id)
  end

  def create_task_for_attack(attack)
    Task.create(attack: attack, agent: @agent)
  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
    nil
  end
end

Model Concerns#

Use concerns for shared behavior across models:

# app/models/concerns/safe_broadcasting.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true

# REASONING:
# Why: Multiple models need resilient broadcasting that doesn't break on errors
# Alternatives: Individual rescue blocks in each model
# Decision: Concern provides DRY solution with consistent error handling
module SafeBroadcasting
  extend ActiveSupport::Concern

  included do
    after_commit :safe_broadcast_refresh, unless: -> { Rails.env.test? }
  end

  private

  def safe_broadcast_refresh
    broadcast_refresh
  rescue StandardError => e
    Rails.logger.error("[BroadcastError] #{self.class}##{id}: #{e.message}")
  end
end

Agent-Specific Concerns: The Agent model uses namespaced concerns for focused behavioral units:

• Agent::Broadcasting - Turbo Stream broadcast methods for real-time UI updates (index cards, detail tabs)
• Agent::Benchmarking - Benchmark calculation and hashcat performance metrics

Both concerns follow the same pattern: REASONING blocks explaining extraction rationale, YARD documentation, and isolation of cohesive method groups to reduce model size.

Job Concerns: Use concerns for reusable job behavior. Example: TempStorageValidation (see Background Jobs section) provides pre-download space validation for jobs that process uploaded files.

Controller Concerns: Use concerns for cross-cutting controller behavior. Example: TaskErrorHandling (see Logging Conventions section) provides structured logging helpers for API error handling.

Controller Patterns#

Keep controllers thin - authorization, params, response only:

# app/controllers/campaigns_controller.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true

class CampaignsController < ApplicationController
  before_action :set_campaign, only: %i[show edit update destroy]
  load_and_authorize_resource

  def index
    @campaigns = @campaigns.includes(:hash_list, :attacks)
                           .page(params[:page])
  end

  def create
    @campaign = Campaign.new(campaign_params)
    @campaign.creator = current_user

    if @campaign.save
      redirect_to @campaign, notice: "Campaign created successfully."
    else
      render :new, status: :unprocessable_entity
    end
  end

  private

  def set_campaign
    @campaign = Campaign.find(params[:id])
  end

  def campaign_params
    params.require(:campaign).permit(:name, :description, :priority, :hash_list_id, :project_id)
  end
end

Logging Conventions#

Use structured logging with consistent prefixes:

# Good - searchable prefix, context, structured
Rails.logger.info(
  "[TaskPreemption] Preempting task #{task.id} " \
  "(priority: #{task.attack.campaign.priority}, progress: #{task.progress_percentage}%)"
)

# Good - error with backtrace
Rails.logger.error(
  "[APIError] Failed to process status: #{e.message}\n#{e.backtrace.first(5).join("\n")}"
)

# Bad - no prefix, no context
Rails.logger.info("Task preempted")

Standard Prefixes:

• [APIRequest] - API request logging
• [APIError] - API error handling
• [AgentLifecycle] - Agent state changes
• [BroadcastError] - WebSocket broadcast failures
• [AttackAbandon] - Attack abandonment events
• [JobDiscarded] - Background job failures
• [TaskPreemption] - Task preemption events
• [TaskRebalance] - Campaign priority rebalancing events

Structured Logging Helpers: The TaskErrorHandling concern (app/controllers/concerns/task_error_handling.rb) provides log_task_api_error(code, agent, task, error_messages) for consistent [APIError] formatting across task state transition failures:

# app/controllers/api/v1/client/tasks_controller.rb
unless @task.accept
  log_task_api_error("TASK_ACCEPT_FAILED", @agent, @task, @task.errors.full_messages)
  render json: { error: "Failed to accept task" }, status: :unprocessable_content
  return
end

Testing Strategy#

Test Types#

Running Tests#

# All tests with coverage
COVERAGE=true bundle exec rspec

# Specific file
bundle exec rspec spec/models/task_spec.rb

# Specific test
bundle exec rspec spec/models/task_spec.rb:42

# System tests with visible browser
HEADLESS=false bundle exec rspec spec/system

Test Conventions#

# spec/models/task_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "rails_helper"

RSpec.describe Task do
  # Use factories, not fixtures
  let(:task) { create(:task) }
  let(:agent) { create(:agent, :benchmarked) }

  # Group by behavior
  describe "validations" do
    it { is_expected.to belong_to(:attack) }
    it { is_expected.to belong_to(:agent).optional }
    it { is_expected.to validate_presence_of(:state) }
  end

  describe "state machine" do
    describe "#accept" do
      it "transitions from pending to running" do
        expect { task.accept }.to change(task, :state).from("pending").to("running")
      end
    end
  end

  # Max 20 lines per example
  # Max 5 expectations per example
end

System Test Page Objects#

Use page objects for system tests:

# spec/support/page_objects/campaigns_page.rb
class CampaignsPage
  include Capybara::DSL

  def visit_index
    visit campaigns_path
    self
  end

  def create_campaign(name:, hash_list:)
    click_link "New Campaign"
    fill_in "Name", with: name
    select hash_list, from: "Hash list"
    click_button "Create Campaign"
    self
  end

  def has_campaign?(name)
    has_content?(name)
  end
end

# Usage in spec
let(:page_object) { CampaignsPage.new }

it "creates a campaign" do
  page_object.visit_index.create_campaign(name: "Test", hash_list: "NTLM Hashes")
  expect(page_object).to have_campaign("Test")
end

API Development#

Structure#

app/controllers/api/v1/
├── base_controller.rb # Authentication, error handling
├── client_controller.rb # /authenticate, /configuration
└── client/
    ├── agents_controller.rb # /agents/:id/*
    ├── attacks_controller.rb # /attacks/:id/*
    └── tasks_controller.rb # /tasks/*

Authentication#

All API endpoints require bearer token authentication using constant-time token comparison to prevent timing attacks:

# app/controllers/api/v1/base_controller.rb
class Api::V1::BaseController < ApplicationController
  before_action :authenticate_agent

  private

  def authenticate_agent
    authenticate_with_http_token do |token, _options|
      next if token.blank?

      candidate = Agent.find_by(token: token)
      # Constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks on token enumeration.
      # Even when no candidate is found, compare against a dummy to equalize timing.
      dummy_token = SecureRandom.base58(24)
      compare_token = candidate&.token || dummy_token
      @agent = candidate if ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(compare_token, token)
    end

    render_unauthorized unless @agent
  end

  def render_unauthorized
    render json: { error: "Invalid token" }, status: :unauthorized
  end
end

Security Note: Using ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare prevents timing attacks where attackers could enumerate valid tokens by measuring response times. The dummy token ensures consistent comparison timing even when no agent is found.

Request Specs with RSwag#

API tests generate OpenAPI documentation:

# spec/requests/api/v1/client/tasks_spec.rb
require "swagger_helper"

RSpec.describe "Tasks API", type: :request do
  path "/api/v1/client/tasks/new" do
    get "Request a new task from server" do
      tags "Tasks"
      produces "application/json"
      security [bearer_auth: []]

      response "200", "new task available" do
        schema "$ref" => "#/components/schemas/Task"

        let(:Authorization) { "Bearer #{agent.token}" }
        let(:agent) { create(:agent, :benchmarked) }

        before { create(:task, :pending, attack: attack) }

        run_test!
      end

      response "204", "no new task available" do
        let(:Authorization) { "Bearer #{agent.token}" }
        let(:agent) { create(:agent, :benchmarked) }

        run_test!
      end
    end
  end
end

Regenerate docs: RAILS_ENV=test rails rswag

Environment Variables#

CipherSwarm uses environment variables for configuration, with different requirements for development and production environments.

Security-Critical Variables#

tmpfs Configuration for Large Files#

For deployments processing large attack resources (100 GB+ wordlists, rule files), tmpfs sizing is critical:

• Formula: TMPFS_TMP_SIZE >= 1.5 × largest_attack_resource_file
• Memory Impact: tmpfs counts against container memory limits. Increase deploy.resources.limits.memory proportionally when raising this value.
• Alternative: For disk-backed temp storage instead of RAM-backed tmpfs, see the TMPDIR volume approach in docker-storage-and-tmp.md.

Example:

# Medium deployment (largest file ~1 GB)
TMPFS_TMP_SIZE=2g

# Large deployment (100 GB wordlists)
TMPFS_TMP_SIZE=150g

tusd Webhook Authentication#

The tusd upload service calls back to /api/v1/hooks/tus when uploads complete. This endpoint requires authentication via the X-Tusd-Hook-Secret header to prevent unauthorized cache poisoning:

# app/controllers/api/v1/hooks/tus_controller.rb
def verify_tusd_origin
  expected = ENV.fetch("TUSD_HOOK_SECRET", nil)
  return if expected.blank? # Skip verification in dev if not configured

  provided = request.headers["X-Tusd-Hook-Secret"].to_s
  return if ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(expected, provided)

  Rails.logger.warn("[TusHook] Unauthorized hook request from #{request.remote_ip}")
  head :unauthorized
end

Production Deployment: Ensure TUSD_HOOK_SECRET is set to a random value in both the Rails application and tusd configuration. In Docker deployments, this is configured via environment variables.

DNS Rebinding Protection#

Set APPLICATION_HOST to enable DNS rebinding attack protection in production:

# docker-compose.prod.yml
environment:
  APPLICATION_HOST: cipherswarm.lab.local

When set, Rails validates the Host header against the configured hostname. Health check endpoints (/up, /api/v1/client/health) are excluded from this check.

Database Migration Control#

In scaled deployments (multiple web replicas), run migrations as a one-shot command before starting replicas to avoid migration races:

# Run migrations once
docker compose run --rm -e RUN_DB_PREPARE=true web ./bin/rails db:prepare

# Then start replicas
docker compose up -d

In development or single-instance deployments, RUN_DB_PREPARE is not needed as migrations run automatically.

Security Best Practices#

Path Traversal Protection#

The TusUploadHandler concern includes path traversal protection to prevent file access outside allowed directories:

def validate_source_path!(path)
  canonical_source = File.realpath(path)
  canonical_tus_dir = File.realpath(tus_uploads_dir)
  return if canonical_source.start_with?(canonical_tus_dir + "/")

  raise TusUploadError, "Path traversal attempt blocked"
end

This validation runs before any file operations on tusd-uploaded files.

Webhook Authentication#

All external webhook endpoints must validate requests using shared secrets:

• tusd webhooks: Authenticated via TUSD_HOOK_SECRET header
• Constant-time comparison prevents timing attacks

Production Secret Guards#

Critical secrets are enforced at startup in production:

• TUSD_HOOK_SECRET: Required in production (fails fast if unset)
• POSTGRES_PASSWORD: Required in all environments
• APPLICATION_HOST: Optional but recommended for DNS rebinding protection

Development environments allow running without TUSD_HOOK_SECRET for easier local setup.

Nginx Security Headers#

The production nginx configuration includes security headers at the reverse proxy layer:

add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
add_header Permissions-Policy "camera=(), microphone=(), geolocation=(), usb=()" always;

Note: Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS) should only be enabled when TLS terminates at the nginx instance. When TLS terminates upstream (e.g., cloud load balancer), the upstream proxy should set HSTS instead.

Background Jobs#

Job Structure#

# app/jobs/process_hash_list_job.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true

class ProcessHashListJob < ApplicationJob
  include TempStorageValidation # Pre-download space check for blobs

  queue_as :default
  retry_on StandardError, wait: :polynomially_longer, attempts: 3

  # Handle deserialization errors (record deleted before job runs)
  discard_on ActiveJob::DeserializationError do |job, error|
    Rails.logger.warn(
      "[JobDiscarded] ProcessHashListJob: #{error.message}"
    )
  end

  def perform(hash_list)
    ensure_temp_storage_available!(hash_list.file) # Check before download
    HashListProcessor.new(hash_list).process
  end
end

Error Handling for Resource Constraints:

Use custom operational errors when jobs depend on external resources. InsufficientTempStorageError is raised by TempStorageValidation when /tmp lacks space for a blob download. ApplicationJob configures 5 retries with polynomial backoff, then discards with a structured log message pointing operators to sizing documentation. This prevents jobs from repeatedly failing when infrastructure is undersized for the workload.

When implementing similar resource-constrained operations:

1. Define a custom error class in app/errors/ (e.g., InsufficientTempStorageError)
2. Configure retry strategy in ApplicationJob with retry_on and a discard block
3. Include clear remediation guidance in discard logs (reference deployment documentation)
4. Use concerns to encapsulate validation logic (e.g., TempStorageValidation)

Queue Priorities#

Task Preemption and Priority Rebalancing#

CipherSwarm uses two mechanisms to ensure high-priority campaigns can preempt lower-priority tasks:

Event-driven Rebalancing: CampaignPriorityRebalanceJob triggers immediately when a campaign's priority is raised. This job iterates through the campaign's incomplete attacks and invokes TaskPreemptionService to evaluate whether any lower-priority tasks should be preempted.

# app/jobs/campaign_priority_rebalance_job.rb
class CampaignPriorityRebalanceJob < ApplicationJob
  include AttackPreemptionLoop # shared iteration with per-attack error isolation

  queue_as :high
  discard_on ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound

  def perform(campaign_id)
    campaign = Campaign.find(campaign_id)
    attacks = campaign.attacks.incomplete.includes(campaign: :hash_list)
    preempt_attacks(attacks) # provided by AttackPreemptionLoop
  end
end

Time-driven Rebalancing: UpdateStatusJob runs periodically (via Sidekiq-Cron) to rebalance task assignments for all non-deferred (normal and high) priority campaigns. This ensures preemption logic runs even if priority changes are missed or occur during system downtime.

Enqueued by: Campaign#trigger_priority_rebalance_if_needed after_commit callback when priority increases.

Scheduled Jobs#

Configure in config/initializers/sidekiq.rb:

Sidekiq::Cron::Job.create(
  name: "Clean stale tasks - every hour",
  cron: "0 * * * *",
  class: "CleanStaleTasksJob"
)

Temporary Storage Validation for Blob Downloads#

Jobs that download Active Storage blobs (hash lists, wordlists, rule files) should include the TempStorageValidation concern and call ensure_temp_storage_available!(blob) before processing. This prevents jobs from exhausting tmpfs space mid-download.

Pattern:

class ProcessHashListJob < ApplicationJob
  include TempStorageValidation

  def perform(hash_list)
    ensure_temp_storage_available!(hash_list.file)
    hash_list.file.blob.open { |file| process(file) }
  end
end

How it works:

• The concern checks available space in /tmp against the blob's byte_size before calling blob.open
• Raises InsufficientTempStorageError if insufficient space available
• ApplicationJob automatically retries with polynomial backoff (5 attempts)
• After exhausting retries, job is discarded with structured log pointing to sizing documentation

Jobs currently using this pattern:

• ProcessHashListJob - validates before downloading hash lists
• CountFileLinesJob - validates before downloading wordlists, rule files, mask lists
• CalculateMaskComplexityJob - validates before downloading mask lists

When creating new jobs that process uploaded files:

1. Include TempStorageValidation concern
2. Call ensure_temp_storage_available!(attachment) before blob.open
3. The retry/discard behavior is handled automatically by ApplicationJob

This prevents jobs from repeatedly failing when tmpfs is undersized for the workload. Operators encountering discard logs should reference docs/deployment/docker-storage-and-tmp.md for tmpfs sizing guidance.

Real-Time Features#

Turbo Streams#

Models broadcast updates to connected clients:

# app/models/task.rb
class Task < ApplicationRecord
  include SafeBroadcasting

  # Broadcasts refresh to all subscribers of this task
  broadcasts_refreshes unless Rails.env.test?
end

Targeted Partial Updates with Turbo Streams#

For more efficient real-time updates, broadcast specific partial updates instead of full pages. The Agent::Broadcasting concern (app/models/concerns/agent/broadcasting.rb) encapsulates all agent broadcast methods:

# Agent broadcast methods are now in Agent::Broadcasting concern
module Agent::Broadcasting
  # Broadcast only when specific fields change
  after_update_commit :broadcast_index_state, if: -> { saved_change_to_state? }

  def broadcast_index_state
    broadcast_replace_later_to(
      self,
      target: dom_id(self, :index_state), # Stable DOM ID
      partial: "agents/index_state",
      locals: { agent: self }
    )
  end

  # Replaces just the error count on index cards when a new AgentError is created.
  # Called from AgentError#after_create_commit to keep the broadcast contract on Agent,
  # matching the pattern of broadcast_index_state and broadcast_index_last_seen.
  def broadcast_index_errors
    broadcast_replace_later_to(
      self,
      target: dom_id(self, :index_errors),
      partial: "agents/index_errors",
      locals: { agent: self }
    )
  end
end

Agent broadcast methods (from Agent::Broadcasting concern) follow a consistent pattern for targeted partial updates:

• broadcast_index_state - Updates agent state badge (triggered by state changes)
• broadcast_index_errors - Updates error count (triggered when AgentError created)
• broadcast_index_last_seen - Updates last seen timestamp (triggered by last_seen_at changes)

Critical Gotcha: Broadcast partials run in background jobs with NO access to current_user, session, or request context. Partials must be completely self-contained and only use data passed in locals.

See examples in:

• app/views/agents/_index_state.html.erb
• app/views/agents/_index_hash_rate.html.erb
• app/views/agents/_index_errors.html.erb
• app/views/agents/_index_last_seen.html.erb

Stimulus Controllers#

// app/javascript/controllers/auto_refresh_controller.js
import {
    Controller
} from "@hotwired/stimulus"

export default class extends Controller {
    static values = {
        interval: Number
    }

    connect() {
        this.startRefresh()
    }

    disconnect() {
        this.stopRefresh()
    }

    startRefresh() {
        this.refreshTimer = setInterval(() => {
            this.element.reload()
        }, this.intervalValue)
    }

    stopRefresh() {
        clearInterval(this.refreshTimer)
    }
}

Database Conventions#

Migrations#

Always use Rails generators:

# Good
bin/rails generate migration AddPriorityToAttacks priority:integer

# Bad - never create migration files manually
# Manual creation causes schema drift

Transactions#

Wrap related operations in transactions:

def preempt_task(task)
  Task.transaction do
    task.lock!
    task.increment!(:preemption_count)
    task.update!(state: "pending", stale: true)
  end
rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => e
  Rails.logger.error("[TaskPreemption] Failed: #{e.message}")
  nil
end

Query Optimization#

# Good - eager loading
Attack.includes(:campaign, :word_list).where(state: :running)

# Good - select only needed columns
Task.select(:id, :state, :progress).where(agent: agent)

# Bad - N+1 query
Attack.all.each { |a| puts a.campaign.name }

Partial Indexes for State-Based Queries#

The codebase uses partial indexes to optimize common queries. Example from tasks table:

add_index :tasks, :paused_at, where: "state = 'paused'"

This improves performance for orphaned task recovery queries that only target paused tasks. Partial indexes reduce index size and improve query speed by indexing only relevant rows.

Indexing Large Text Fields#

When indexing TEXT columns that may contain values exceeding PostgreSQL's ~2704 byte B-tree index limit, use a digest-based approach:

1. Add a VARCHAR(32) column to store an MD5 hex digest of the full value
2. Index the digest column instead of the full text column
3. Use a before_validation callback to auto-populate the digest
4. Critical: Always include collision guards in queries:
   • For single lookups: .find_by(digest_column: digest, full_column: value)
   • For batch operations: .where(digest_column: digests).where(full_column: values)
5. Critical: For insert_all/upsert_all, manually compute the digest since callbacks are bypassed

Example: The HashItem model uses hash_value_digest (MD5 of hash_value) to avoid index size limits while maintaining query performance.

Reference GOTCHAS.md for detailed implementation guidance and see ProcessHashListJob and CrackSubmissionService for examples.

This pattern should be considered when designing tables that store user-provided text of unbounded length that requires indexing for performance.

Fragment Cache Best Practices#

Never cache partials or components that contain authorization checks (can?) or CSRF tokens (form_authenticity_token). Cached output is shared across all users, which can leak admin-only UI or serve invalid CSRF tokens.

# Safe - no caching for auth-dependent components
<%= render AgentStatusCardComponent.new(agent: agent) %>

# Safe - cache: record for components with NO authorization/session content
<%= render StaticInfoComponent.new(record: record), cache: record %>

# Unsafe - caches can?/CSRF output, leaks across users
<%= render AgentStatusCardComponent.new(agent: agent), cache: agent %>

For collection partials, cache: true uses each record's cache_key_with_version — this is safe only when the partial contains no user-dependent content. When in doubt, omit caching; Turbo Stream broadcasts handle real-time freshness.

Common Tasks#

Adding a New Model#

# Generate model with migration
bin/rails generate model AgentMetric agent:references metric_type:string value:decimal

# Run migration
bin/rails db:migrate

# Generate factory
# spec/factories/agent_metrics.rb

Adding a New API Endpoint#

1. Add route in config/routes/client_api.rb
2. Add controller action in app/controllers/api/v1/client/
3. Add request spec in spec/requests/api/v1/client/
4. Regenerate docs: RAILS_ENV=test rails rswag

Adding a Background Job#

bin/rails generate job ProcessAgentMetrics

Adding a ViewComponent#

bin/rails generate component AgentStatus agent

Common Gotchas#

Infrastructure Dependencies#

Temp Storage for Background Jobs: Jobs that process uploaded files depend on properly sized tmpfs mounts at /tmp. When testing locally or in CI/CD, ensure tmpfs is configured (see docker-compose.yml for reference). Without adequate tmpfs, jobs will fail with InsufficientTempStorageError.

See docs/deployment/docker-storage-and-tmp.md for infrastructure setup guidance:

• Sizing tmpfs for concurrent blob downloads
• Monitoring tmpfs usage in production
• Recovery procedures for space exhaustion
• Alternative TMPDIR redirect approach

Relevant GOTCHAS.md topics: Review the "Temp Storage and File Uploads" section in GOTCHAS.md for additional context on Active Storage temp file behavior and upload constraints.

Turbo Stream Broadcast Partials#

• Broadcast partials (broadcast_replace_to, broadcast_replace_later_to) run in background jobs
• NO access to: current_user, session, cookies, request, or any controller context
• Must be completely self-contained and use only data passed via locals
• See GOTCHAS.md and Turbo Stream Broadcast Constraints documentation
• Use stable DOM IDs with dom_id(record, :suffix) for targeted updates

Frontend Patterns#

• Navbar dropdowns must use <button type="button">, not <a href="#"> (scroll-to-top issue)
• Use Bootstrap z-index utilities (z-1 through z-3) instead of inline styles
• Empty state icons: use .empty-state-icon class, not inline style="font-size: 64px;"
• Skeleton loaders: use .skeleton-progress, .skeleton-avatar classes
• After bun run build:css, run touch tmp/restart.txt to reload Propshaft asset cache
• rails assets:clobber deletes ALL build artifacts — run just assets-build to recover

State Machine Cascades#

• Agent shutdown can cascade to attack pause, which can cascade to task pause
• Task reclaim can trigger attack resume, which needs reload handling
• Use update_columns in state machine callbacks to avoid StaleObjectError
• See Agent Shutdown Cascade and StaleObjectError From Cascading Resume documentation

Testing Turbo Streams#

• Turbo Stream broadcasts can be tested with assert_turbo_stream helpers
• System tests may need to wait for broadcast updates with appropriate timeouts
• Background job processing (broadcasts use _later_to) must be enabled in test environment

Getting Help#

• AGENTS.md: Project conventions and patterns
• GOTCHAS.md: Common pitfalls and debugging tips
• Architecture Docs: docs/architecture/
• API Reference: docs/api/
• Internal Documentation:
  • Turbo Stream Broadcast Constraints
  • Agent Shutdown Cascade
  • Task State Machine Transitions
  • StaleObjectError From Cascading Resume
• GitHub Issues: For bugs and feature requests
• PR Reviews: Tag @unclesp1d3r for review